The MBSTU Journal of Science and Technology (JST) is an open-access and double-blind peer-reviewed international journal that publishes articles that emphasize research, development, and application within the fields of science, engineering, and technology. The MBSTUJST reviews papers within the shortest possible time of submission and publishes accepted articles online immediately upon receiving the final versions. ISSN: 3006-7251 (ONLINE) Aim & Scope The main objective of JST is to promote research and application of innovations and technologies in science and engineering. Additionally, developing a suitable implementation framework is a challenge for successful results with best practices. The journal aims to provide a platform for scientists, development workers, practitioners, and academicians to promote, be more visible internationally, and provide the opportunity to discuss critically and analyze different issues in science, and technology. The journal also aims to be the most important journal in scientific societies by getting indexes in Scopus, WoS, and high impact factor in the coming years. All articles are reviewed quickly, professionally copyedited, and checked for similarity to avoid plagiarism for quality and faster publication. Frequencies of publication Two issues in a year while it accepts articles throughout the years and publishes online immediately after receiving the final version from the author. Area of publication ◉ Engineering ◉ Life Science ◉ Science ◉ Business ◉ Social Science ◉ Arts
The Nexus between Access to Electricity and Growth of Non-agricultural GDP in Bangladesh
Electricity is significant for the non-agricultural sector, as it is power intensive. In this paper, we examine the role of electricity in fostering the development of non-agriculture GDP. We use data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey to conduct the analysis based on panel data sets generated for 64 districts of Bangladesh over the period from 2000 to 2022. Using econometric methods such as fixed effects, ordinary least squares, panel-corrected standard errors, and feasible generalized least squares, the paper finds that there is a relationship between access to electricity and non-agricultural GDP. The findings show that electricity is pivotal to transitioning the Bangladesh economy from an agrarian-based to a non-agrarian-based economy. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation between access to mobile phones and education, whereas there is a negative correlation between farm size and non-agricultural GDP. The results suggest that access to electricity can be increased by improving infrastructure availability in rural and remote areas to enhance non-farm growth. Public policy, private sector involvement, and government supported efforts for improving educational access, mobile phones access as well as land distribution are also helpful in aiding non-agricultural GDP growth.
Non-agricultural GDP, Electricity, Farm Size, Fixed Effect Model, and Feasible Generalized Least Squares.
Copyright (c) 2026 Subrata Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mathematical Derivation and Stability Behavior of Innovative Soliton Solutions for Nonlinear Wave Propagation
The purpose of the following paper is to create generic soliton solutions using the framework of the generalized modified equal width (MEW) equation. To achieve that, we have chosen the expansion approach, which is an effective, reliable, and compatible method. The outcomes achieved in this instance are defined in terms of a mix of rational, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions. The corresponding physical features of these resultant soliton solutions and the influence of parameters are presented by carving two-dimensional and three-dimensional and contour graphs using MATLAB. For estimated values of these parameters, bell-shaped soliton, singular soliton, parabolic soliton, periodic soliton and solitons of other types are formulated. Visualizing these solutions according to certain parameter selections leads to a more profound understanding of the intricate behavior of the system. The paper introduces exciting results about soliton solutions for the specified equation, uncovering hitherto undetected aspects of this interesting mathematical problem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasir Uddin, Prof Dr. Md. Musa Miah, Prof Dr. Md. Mahmud Alam, Md. Antajul Islam, Nasrin Nahar Rimu, Pinakee Dey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Click to Ride: Understanding E-Ticketing Adoption in Emerging Economies Using an Extended UTAUT2 Framework
This study aims to examine the key factors influencing passengers’ adoption of electronic ticketing (e-ticketing) systems in public transportation in an emerging economy. To achieve this objective, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) framework is extended by incorporating three additional variables: return and exchange, technological anxiety, and perceived risk to capture contextual and psychological influences more comprehensively. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze data from 392 participants. The findings reveal that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, habit, facilitating conditions, price value, return and exchange, and perceived risk have significant effects on passengers’ behavioral intention to adopt e-ticketing. In contrast, technological anxiety does not exhibit a considerable influence. These results underscore the importance of incorporating extended UTAUT2 variables to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adoption behavior. It provides actionable insights for transport operators, policymakers, and platform developers seeking to enhance user engagement and facilitate digital transformation in public transport services.
Behavioral Intention, E-ticketing, Extended UTAUT2, Perceived Risk, Return and Exchange, Technological Anxiety
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayma Hossain Shetu (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Patterns and Determinants of Antenatal Care Visits during Pregnancy in Bangladesh: An Application of the Negative Binomial Regression Model
Antenatal care (ANC) interactions are acknowledged as essential for safeguarding the health and welfare of pregnant women and their infants. In the analysis of count data pertaining to ANC use, overdispersion frequently arises; neglecting it may result in misinterpretations and erroneous results. This study analyses trends in antenatal care visit utilization in Bangladesh over recent years. Data were extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) for the years 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017-18, each encompassing a nationally representative sample of 11,485, 17,842, 17,863, and 20,127 ever-married women, respectively. The analysis concentrated on 4,770, 6,965, 4,371, and 4,884 mums who had delivered within the three years preceding each survey. The data analysis utilized descriptive, inferential, and multivariate statistical methods. The utilization of antenatal care (ANC) has significantly improved, with the percentage of women attending four or more ANC appointments rising from 23.2% in 2007 to 48.4% in 2017-18. Crucial determinants that markedly influence the frequency of ANC visits encompass residential location, media exposure, and delivery care setting, at the 0.05 significance level. Urban women received ANC visits at rates 1.272, 1.263, 1.136, and 1.112 times higher than rural women in the same survey years. Other notable predictors included administrative division, maternal education, wealth index, birth order, and delivery site. The research demonstrates a steady increase in ANC visit participation among Bangladeshi women. To optimize outcomes, elevating ANC service standards and instituting educational initiatives with periodic workshops may assist women in comprehending the significance of ANC visits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Rashedul Islam, Samiul Islam, Somaresh Kumar Mondol, Gowranga Kumar Paul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Is Investing in a “Land Cott” Beneficial? An Inquiry into Interest Rate Swap
“Land Cott" refers to the exchange of cash for the right to use arable land with the understanding that the land owner will redeem this right after repayment is finished. The study's main goal is to find out whether investing by taking “land cott” is profitable or not by effectively applying “interest rate swap”, and also to find out the determinants of investing in “land cott”. Some financial tools and techniques such as “interest rate swap” and “time value of money” have been applied to calculate the benefit of investing in “land cott” along with a logistic regression model as well as some descriptive statistics. The study found that investing by taking “land cott” is more profitable than keeping money as a deposit in banking. The majority of the farmers are willing to invest by taking “land cott” as there are fewer formalities than other investments. However, the investors are investing in this sector without considering its potential risk. Therefore, by the findings of the study, the investors will get a guideline to incorporate risk with their earnings along with the application of interest rate swaps in the agricultural sector which is the major contribution of this study. In this regard, the government should take proper initiatives to convert the investment in “land cott” into a formal investment to accelerate the mechanism of land.
Copyright (c) 2025 MD. ROSTAM ALI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Approach
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a crucial role in the economic growth of developing nations like Bangladesh, enhancing capital, technology transfer, infrastructure development, and job creation. The study examines the influence of significant macroeconomic factors—exchange rate, interest rate, and trade openness—on foreign direct investment inflows in Bangladesh across a 50-year timeframe (1974–2023). This study utilizes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine these dynamics, drawing on annual time series data sourced from the World Development Indicators. The results from the Unit Root Tests ADF indicate that the variables are integrated at I(0) and I(1), thereby supporting the application of ARDL methodology. The ARDL Bounds Test validates the presence of long-term co-integration among the variables. The results indicate that a decline in the exchange rate has a notable positive impact on foreign direct investment, suggesting that a weaker currency may entice international investors by lowering relative production expenses. The analysis reveals that interest rates exert a considerable negative influence, indicating that elevated borrowing costs discourage investment activities. The relationship between trade openness and FDI is notably positive, highlighting the significance of global economic integration.The short-run dynamics further validate rapid adjustments moving towards long-run equilibrium. The findings emphasise the importance of ensuring macroeconomic stability and encouraging trade liberalisation to secure ongoing FDI inflows. These insights provide essential direction for policymakers in crafting investment-oriented economic strategies that can foster sustainable development in Bangladesh.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Exchange Rate, Interest Rate
Copyright (c) 2026 DIPTI BHOWMIK (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Factors Influencing Students’ Perceptions of the Bangladesh Police
Effective policing relies on public cooperation and attitudes towards the police. University students, who frequently engage with the police and discuss social justice issues, play a role in shaping community-police relations. This study examines university students’ perceptions of the police and the factors influencing these views. A quantitative survey was conducted in February 2023, collecting 200 responses from public university students in Bangladesh through purposive sampling. The analysis focused on three independent variables—fear of crime, experiences of police corruption, and demographic characteristics and three dependent variables- procedural fairness, police effectiveness, and trust in the police. Findings indicate that students exhibit low trust in the Bangladesh police, critically evaluate procedural fairness, and rate police effectiveness poorly. Multivariate linear regression results show that personal and vicarious experiences of police corruption are the strongest predictors, while age, education level, and religious affiliation significantly shape students’ perceptions of police trust, fairness, and effectiveness. The study suggests practical implications for enhancing trust in the Bangladesh Police and promoting positive attitudes among university students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nusrat Binte Nasir, Md. Ishtiaq Ahmed Talukder (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urbanization and Land Surface Temperature Dynamics in Tangail Pourashava: A Spatiotemporal Study
In this study, the researchers analyzed the changes in urbanization and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Tangail Paurashava from 2003 to 2023. With the help of Landsat data and GIS tools, this study evaluates changes in LULC, checks temperature variations, and explores how they are linked. It was noted that the inhabited areas grew 58% more, but agricultural and vegetated lands shrank almost one-third and one-fifth each. Meanwhile, the LST increased from 29°C to 33°C , with the LST closely linked to urban built up areas and bare land and negatively connected to vegetated, agricultural, and water areas. The directional growth of cities in this area is most noticeable to the northeast and southwest, caused by roads, real estate markets, and other factors. It has been confirmed that there is a growing UHI effect, putting stress on cities' environment and people's health. The results highlight the importance of planning, building green areas, and enforcing zoning rules in expanding secondary cities to combat climate change. Together, these approaches provide a reliable method for assessing urban environmental changes and prepare these regions to tackle climate change.
Urbanization, Land Surface Temperature (LST), Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), Spatiotemporal Analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS), Remote Sensing
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Shemul Sheikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation of Calendar-based Inefficiencies in South Asian Equity Markets: Fresh Evidence from a GJR-GARCH Approach
This study investigates calendar anomalies in five South Asian stock markets (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) to identify persistent patterns challenging the efficient market hypothesis. The study employs GJR-GARCH (1,1) models to examine day-of-the-week, turn-of-the-month, half-month, and month-of-the-year effects, with subsequent robustness checks. Results reveal significant day-of-the-week effects with negative returns on opening days in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Month-of-the-year anomalies exist across all markets, although the January effect appears to be unique to Pakistan. A statistically significant turn-of-the-month effect persists across all five South Asian markets examined, with returns during transition periods consistently exceeding those observed during other trading days. The analysis further reveals that returns during the first half of the month generally exceed those of the second half, with this effect being particularly pronounced in Pakistan's equity market. Overall, the findings indicate that calendar anomalies continue to pose a significant challenge to the Efficient Market Hypothesis and its associated implications in South Asian stock markets. These systematic calendar anomalies offer potential arbitrage opportunities for investors and portfolio managers operating within South Asian markets. This research provides comprehensive evidence of calendar anomalies in South Asian markets, contributing to the literature on market efficiency in emerging economies and offering actionable insights for market timing strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aslam Mahmud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ownership Structure and Its Effect on Credit Risk: Empirical Evidence from the Banking Sector of Bangladesh
A well-functioning banking sector significantly impacts the growth and sustainability of an economy. However, commercial banks’ motives to generate more and more profits lead to risk-taking to cope with growth and sustainability. This study examines how ownership structures impact the risk-taking of commercial banks in Bangladesh. To address the impact of ownership structures on bank risk, this study encompasses 32 commercial banks from 2002 to 2020, opting for unbalanced panel data. The study adopts the two-step system generalised methods of moments (GMM), and Two-Stage Least Squares to investigate the empirical analysis. This research shows that ownership structures (INO, GPO, MNO) and ownership concentration negatively impact credit risk in Bangladesh. These results suggest that the chosen ownership models aid in decreasing credit risk and enhancing financial and operational stability. The approaches described in this study will strengthen the banking business by reconsidering the relationship between risk-taking and ownership structure, which has excellent value for bank executives, policymakers, regulators, financial professionals, academia, and society. The practical implications of this study provide stakeholders with valuable insights to make informed, strategic decisions in the banking sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Mohiuddin Chowdhury, Md Nazmul Islam, Md. Abdul Halim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Divorce on Women Empowerment in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study
Understanding the challenges faced by divorced women is essential to address the longterm impacts of domestic violence and fostering empowerment among survivors. This study explores the reasons behind abusive behavior faced by divorced women from their former husbands and examines their employment challenges. Using qualitative methods, primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with seventeen divorced women in Tangail district, selected for its high prevalence of domestic violence-related crimes and further coping strategy after divorce based on the semistructured questionnaire. Employing Walby’s theoretical framework, the study identifies key risk factors across multiple dimensions, including male dominance, masculinity, and economic aggression at the individual level. Findings reveal that legal systems play a crucial role in helping women rebuild their lives and achieve economic independence, though lengthy procedures and post-separation threats from ex-husbands remain significant concerns. Many women endure long-term abuse, with some hesitant to report due to fear. Mental health struggles, such as low self-esteem and anxiety about their children’s future, persist post-separation. Despite trauma, many divorced women demonstrate resilience and empowerment. The study calls for stronger societal and legal interventions to prevent spousal abuse and ensure long-term safety for survivors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rukhsana Siddiqua, Pallabi Rani Das (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Police Behaviour on Criminal Identification in Bangladesh: Evidence from Dhaka Metropolitan Police
This study investigates the influence of police behaviour on criminal identification within the context of Bangladesh, focusing on the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP). It addresses critical issues related to police conduct and crime detection processes. The primary objective is to assess how specific police behaviours—detection strategies, use of force, arrest tactics, and support services—impact criminal identification efficacy. Data were gathered using a quantitative method from 142 police personnel through structured questionnaires across two major police stations, Uttara East (65) and Uttara West (77). Findings revealed that police primarily relied on arrest (68.3%) and force (52.2%) in identifying criminals, whereas detection strategies (41.3%) and support services (14%) were relatively underutilised. Effective criminal identification correlated positively with comprehensive training and experience, highlighting gaps in current police training and procedural methods. Regression analysis indicated that detection strategies (β = .367, p < .01) and use of arrest (β = .289, p < .05) significantly predicted criminal identification effectiveness. However, excessive reliance on arrest and force negatively impacts community relations, compromising long-term criminal identification success. Thus, the study emphasises the need for evidence based interventions, a balanced approach, integrating investigative techniques with community engagement, and reforms in police behavioural practices.
Police Behavior, Criminal Identification, Detection Strategies, Arrest and Force, Support services, Community policing
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Abdul Kader Miah, Shinthia Islam Talukder, Prakash Chandra Roy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformative Harvests: Agricultural Diversification and Economic Resilience in the Chattogram Hill Tracts of Bangladesh
This paper describes the range and variety of fruits and crops that are being farmed in the Chattogram Hill Tracts (CHT) (Rangamati) of Bangladesh, along with an analysis of their environmental effects. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of crop and fruit diversity on the overall agricultural output in Baghaichari Upazila, Rangamati district, with a focus on yield, productivity, and production volume depending on contemporary farming. We have a sample size of 102 responders in order to continue the investigation. To achieve this, though, the study gathered primary data from 102 families provide insights into the economic viability of various crops, with emphasis on statistical and econometric analyses, including regression modeling. Noteworthy findings indicate the profitability of crops such as paddy and litchi, with mango showing promising potential. The average yield of fruits and crops is found by the study. The region benefits from a diverse range of fruits and crops, including citrus fruits, ginger, turmeric, paddy rice, dragon fruit, mustard oil, betel nuts, tobacco, pineapple, banana, tangerine, mango, litchi, boroi, pineapple, and other vegetables, owing to its varied climate and geography. However, challenges like soil erosion resulting from monocropping and shifting cultivation are highlighted, underscoring the importance of adopting sustainable farming practices to ensure long-term environmental sustainability and agricultural productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Praba Chakma, Md Moniruzzaman Muzib, Dipti Bhowmik, Jannat Rahat Jui, Sanjoy Kumar Saha, Shakil Mahmood Shaon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Psychological Distress among the University Students: Logistic Regression Analysis with Machine Learning Algorithm
The significance of mental health is paramount for the future achievements of students. The prolonged closure of educational institutions as a result of COVID-19 has notably impacted the mental health status of students. This study aims to explore the prevalence of psychological distress among university students and classify them using a machine learning algorithm. A cross-sectional study incorporating a convenience sample (n=435) was carried out among university students. The DASS-21 scale, along with a self-administered questionnaire, is utilized to quantify the intensity of psychological distress. The collected data was analyzed by univariate, bivariate, multivariate analysis, and machine learning (ML) approach. The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress was 43.2%, 72.7%, and 32.7%, respectively. Logistics regression shows rurality, lower academic performance, fear of academic delay, not performing physical activities, having suicidal thoughts, and being in a relationship contribute to the risk of developing a higher level of psychological distress. The performance of correctly predicting the models for depression, anxiety, and stress was 75.36%, 84.18%, and 71.33%, respectively. The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to affect students' mental well-being significantly. The findings suggest the importance of taking steps to recognize students who may be experiencing psychological distress and ensuring they receive appropriate support. The results of this study may provide valuable insights for future research and the development of psychological distress intervention programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Mizanur Rahman, Shenjuti Alam, Samiul Islam, Rupali Sultana, Mashfiqul Huq Chowdhury, Dr. Md. Deluar Jahan Moloy, Arzo Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychosocial Stressor and Coping Mechanism among Female Ready-Made Garment (RMG) Workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Post-economic liberalization in Bangladesh after 1975 led to the emergence of an export-oriented Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry, predominantly employing women. This paper analyzes the stressors faced by these workers and their coping mechanisms from a mental health perspective, utilizing Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model. Departing from existing research that often adopts a clinical lens, this study takes a holistic approach to explore the multifaceted mental health challenges encountered by female RMG workers, situating them within the broader socioeconomic and structural context of the industry. The study identifies and examines a range of stressors inherent to the RMG work environment, including exploitative labor practices, precarious employment conditions, social stigma, and familial pressures. Furthermore, it investigates the diverse coping mechanisms adopted by women workers, which encompass individual resilience strategies and collective solidarity initiatives within their communities and workplaces. In contrast to conventional paradigms, this research emphasizes the need to consider the mental health of workers not only at an individual level but also in relation to its interconnections with broader socioeconomic determinants that shape their well being. By situating mental health within the nexus of globalization, labor market dynamics, and gendered power structures, the findings provide critical insights into the nuanced complexities of mental health challenges faced by the women. The implications of this research extend beyond academic discourse, offering significant relevance for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders engaged in social and economic development, public health interventions, and labor rights advocacy. The study underscores the imperative of adopting a holistic approach to address the mental health needs of marginalized communities in the garment industry and beyond, and offers actionable insights to inform evidence-based policy interventions and grassroots initiatives aimed at promoting mental health resilience and socioeconomic empowerment among working women.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Tasfia Rahman (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges and Strategies for Conducting Prison Research in Bangladesh: Insights from a Study on Women Prisoners
In Bangladesh, prison research has many challenges. This article has explored the challenges of prison research with overcoming strategies, which have been drawn from the author’s PhD research work. A mixed methodological approach was used here. This article has been developed based on the findings of the observation method regarding gaining access to the prison and interviewing female criminals. Of many challenges, the bureaucratic hurdles in gaining legal permission for prison access and the complexities of interviewing incarcerated female offenders were especially difficult. Gaining access to prison was an arduous and prolonged process, including multiple government officials and official interviews. In the prison, the author faced emotional, logistical, and ethical challenges from the prisoners. The author also had to deal with prisoners’ mistrust, emotional trauma, rigid routines, and volatile environments. Adapting to prison rules, coping with personal anxieties, and maintaining balanced relations between prison staff and inmates were critical challenges as well. However, rapport-building was a useful strategy to obtain reliable data, achieved through empathy, cultural sensitivity, and informal interactions. In addition, institutional MoUs, consistent communication with authorities, and trust with respondents through transparency and respect were strategies for addressing challenges. Despite many challenges, this study can be marked as a pioneering effort in Bangladeshi prison research, offering critical insights and strategic guidance for future researchers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mst. Nurjahan Khatun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Predictive Accuracy in Forecasting Football World Cup 2022 Outcomes
This study evaluates key predictive metrics for the 2022 FIFA World Cup outcomes, comparing the predictive accuracy of the simple linear regression (SLR) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The analysis examines model fit and accuracy using statistical metrics and addresses key assumptions such as homoscedasticity, autocorrelation, and multicollinearity. Significant variables include the Soccer Power Index (SPI), offensive and defensive strengths, and simulated goal differences. To improve model assumptions, log-transformation is employed for the dependent variable. The findings demonstrate that MLR models outperform SLR in predictive accuracy, contributing to advances in sports forecasting methodologies. Recommendations are also provided for future sports analytics applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Umme Habiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding the Roots of Child Labor in Tangail: A Socioeconomic Perspective
Child labor is a worldwide problem that mostly affects countries with less developed infrastructure and economies. This study aims to evaluate the sociodemographic features and fundamental reasons of child labor in Tangail City. There are many different reasons why young people are entering the workforce, such as low socioeconomic status and family poverty, parent death, illness, or disability, a lack of social security and protection, or limited access to education. Every child’s development is hampered by child work, as is the community and economy in which they reside. Global estimates place the number of youngsters working at 152 million (88 million boys and 64 million girls), or over one in ten of all children worldwide. Unfortunately, children from low-income families often withstand the worst of their suffering, which may push many weaker youngsters into situations where they are forced to work as slaves. According to the demographic data, 30% of child laborers have never attended school, and the majority of child laborers are young (13–17 years old). According to this research, educational programs for parents and kids will hasten the abolition of child labor.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Naim-Ul-Jannat Shoron, Shakil Mahmood Shaon, Md. Ariful Islam, Mehedi Hasan, Sanjoy Kumar Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping the Research Landscape of Land Use and Land Cover Change: A Bibliometric Analysis
The Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change is a crucial phenomenon in environmental science, reflecting the interplay between human activities and natural ecosystems. This bibliometric review examines research trends, thematic focus, and methodologies in LULC studies published between 1993 and 2023 through a systematic search criteria and PRISMA framework. Data were retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science and filtered for peer-reviewed journal articles, yielding 2,655 records. Analysis using R Bibliometrix and VOSviewer revealed a significant surge in the LULC studies after 2000, particularly from 2011 to 2020, aligned with advances in GIS and remote sensing tools. The results showed that leading journals are ‘Environmental Monitoring and Assessment’ in Scopus and ‘Ecological Indicators’ in Web of Science (WoS). The most relevant author is Burkhard Benjamin, who appears in both databases. The key themes include climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainable land management, highlighting the growing interdisciplinary nature of LULC research. Emerging topics encompass urbanization, climate impacts, and ecosystem services, and spatially explicit modeling approaches, such as cellular automata, have gained prominence recently. The collaborative networks indicate China, notably Beijing Normal University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as leading contributors. Despite major progress, gaps remain in integrating interdisciplinary perspectives and systematic classifications of LULC trends. This review underscores the importance of bibliometric analysis in guiding future LULC research and calls for stronger collaborations and policy-oriented frameworks to address global challenges. Bridging technological innovations, with socio-environmental considerations, is essential in fostering resilience in land management practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Shemul Sheikh, Md. Abu Hamjalal Babu, Sankha Subhra Nath, Muhammad Jasim Uddin, Mohammad Nayeem Aziz Ansari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Nexus between Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Bangladesh: The Role of Renewable Energy
Environmental quality and climate change have become popular topics in all scientific disciplines in recent decades due to their effect on human wellbeing and economic growth. This paper investigates the effect of urbanization, physical capital, financial development and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality in Bangladesh over the period 1990 to 2020 by utilizing the ARDL Bounds Test. This research employs secondary data sourced from the World Bank. The expected outcomes have been decided by multiple quantitative time-series evaluation techniques, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller assessment, ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) bound test, and the Granger Causality analysis. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test has verified that none of the series is integrated of the second order. The F-bounds test results verified the presence of a sustained connection among the analyzed variables. Empirical research demonstrates that urbanization, together with physical capital and financial development, exacerbates environmental degradation, but renewable energy usage mitigates it over the long term. The short-term findings indicate that urbanization and physical capital correlates favorably with environmental damage, while financial development and renewable energy consumption correlates negatively with the environmental damage. The Granger causality test outcomes indicate that carbon dioxide emissions and urbanization, as well as carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energy usage, mutually Granger cause each other in a bidirectional manner. All outcomes are logically coherent, and the policy recommendations are derived from our study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prome Biswas, Subroto Dey, Md. Ariful Islam, Sanjoy Kumar Saha, Shakil Mahmood Shaon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Migration and Foreign Remittances in Bangladesh’s Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis
Migration and foreign remittances have emerged as one of the most significant economic factors in Bangladesh in recent years due to their influence on economic growth. This study examines the intricate relationship between GDP and foreign remittances in Bangladesh over the period 1980–2022, using time series data and econometric methods. The analysis relies on secondary data from reputable sources, including the Bangladesh Economic Review (BER), Bangladesh Bank, and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was employed to assess long-term and short-term relationships between the variables. The results reveal a positive long-term relationship between foreign remittances and GDP, highlighting the crucial role remittances play in Bangladesh’s economic growth. However, migration exhibits a negative correlation with GDP in the long run. The Granger Causality Test indicates that foreign remittances have a unidirectional causal effect on GDP in the short term, but migration does not significantly influence GDP in either direction. The findings suggest that while remittances are a key driver of short-term growth, migration’s long-term effects on economic output require more strategic policy intervention. Based on these results, the study recommends that Bangladesh’s government enhance its policies on remittance management, invest in skill development for migrant workers, and develop labor export strategies to maximize the benefits of remittances for sustainable economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Partho Sarathi Laskar, Masud Rana, Sanjoy Kumar Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tracing Trade Structure and Potentialities of Bangladesh with Some Selected Economies: A Gravity Model Analysis
International trade plays a crucial role in Bangladesh’s economy, influencing key macroeconomic indicators such as employment and the balance of payments. This study uses an augmented gravity model of international trade to examine the factors influencing Bangladesh’s trade performance with 29 trading partners from 1999 to 2019. The results show that Bangladesh’s national income, the partner’s national income, and the relative price of its currency have a positive and statistically significant impact on trade. Additionally, two new variables: “economic remoteness,” which measures each country’s geographic distance from global economic activity, and “per capita gross domestic product difference,” which measures economic disparity between the two countries, both of which have an inverse influence on the country’s foreign trade. Furthermore, affiliations to religion and regional alliances have no meaningful influence on Bangladesh’s foreign trade. The study recommends that policymakers focus on boosting national income, stabilizing the relative price of Bangladesh’s currency, and fostering stronger economic relationships with key trading partners. Moreover, efforts to reduce economic remoteness and bridge the per capita GDP disparity with trading partners could further enhance trade flows. These policy actions could significantly optimize Bangladesh’s trade performance and contribute to broader economic growth. Despite its geographical challenges, Bangladesh’s trade performance has slightly exceeded gravity model predictions, suggesting untapped potential for further growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Subroto Dey, Homamul Islam, Subrata Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Solution of Composite Fractional Oscillation Equation by Fractional Differential Transform Method and Variational Iteration Method
This research aims to find the numerical solution of nonlinear composite fractional oscillation equation using Fractional Differential Transform Method (FDTM) and Variational Iteration Method (VIM). The numerical solutions demonstrate that the two approaches agree fairly well. As a result, these two approaches represent extremely strong and effective methods for resolving various types of fractional differential equations, both linear and non-linear, that arise in numerous technological and engineering domains. We can conclude that both approaches are highly effective and potent in obtaining both numerical and analytical resolutions for a broad range of FDEs. However, the FDTM solves nonlinear problem more closer to the exact solution, giving it an advantage over the VIM.
Composite Fractional Relaxation Equation
Composite Fractional Oscillation Equation
Copyright (c) 2024 Umme Kulsume Shaun , Shahana Afroz, Md. Musa Miah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Cumilla Export Processing Zone on Bangladesh’s Export and Foreign Direct Investment: An Econometric Analysis
An export processing zone is a demarcated region inside a nation that is established to encourage and streamline export-driven industry. Increased export along with improved level of foreign direct investment (FDI) and employment generation are the key determinants of success of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) of a nation. This paper tries to explore the effects of Cumilla Export-Oriented Zone (EPZ) in Bangladesh over the period 2001 to 2022 using secondary data from different sources. This study focuses on the EPZ’s employment, investment, and export conditions utilizing bar diagrams, and its percentage contribution to export and foreign direct investment. Furthermore, this paper explores the relationship between the FDI in EPZs and employment of Cumilla EPZ. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test is performed in this analysis. The findings of this paper show that there is significant negative relationship between FDI in EPZs and employment of Cumilla EPZ in the short run. But in the long run, there is significant positive relationship between FDI in EPZs and employment of Cumilla EPZ. This paper recommends promoting diverse investing, implementing advanced technologies, reducing raw material price and energy price volatility.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maliha Farhin, Ashiqur Rahman, Md Nazmus Sadekin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysing Amitav Ghosh’s Gun Island as a Climate Fiction: Transgressing ‘Borders’ and ‘Orders’ by the Humans and Nonhumans
Amitav Ghosh has a tendency to write literary pieces focusing on climate issues. This aspiration is also manifested in his novel Gun Island (2019). The author allegorizes the myth of Manasa Devi, which creates a wonderful connection between humans and natural environment in this novel. Gun Island (2019) explores the conviction of diversified environmental issues, such as environmental injustice, migrant ecologies, and climate refugees. Although natural disasters occur more or less everywhere in the world, the poor pay the highest price. The harsh reality is that the most affected are the most marginalized regions of underprivileged countries. Developed countries can still cope with its effects, but people in poor countries are persistently being displaced. The Sundarbans is one such magnificent instance in Gun Island. Overall, Ghosh has shown that migration of humans and nonhumans occurs simultaneously as a result of climate change. Humans and nonhumans transgress the precincts of ‘border’ as well as ‘order’ to migrate from one place to another eco-friendly place. His perplexing story of Gun Island is inexplicably mythical but contextually practical because it resonates with a group of Asian and African people’s own experiences, emotions and their yearning for migration to Europe due to climate change. This borderless migration cannot be stopped by any means of order.
Copyright (c) 2024 Iftakhar Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutritional Evaluation of Raw, Curried, and Fried Forms of Three Local Fish Species in Bangladesh: Implications for Public Health
The study examines the effects of culinary techniques on the organoleptic, nutritional, biochemical, microbiological, and heavy metal content of three commonly consumed fish species: Tenualosa ilisha (Ilish), Putius chola (Puti), and Labeo rohita (Rui). The curry samples of each fish exhibited excellent organoleptic quality, whereas the fresh samples had a lower moisture content (p < 0.05). Fried pieces had higher ash, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates (p<0.05). The culinary technique negatively affected the fried samples, leading to higher nutrient loss (p < 0.05), a higher per-oxide value (POV) (p < 0.05), and a higher total volatile base of nitrogen (TVBN) compared to raw and curry fish, as well as higher heavy metal retention (p < 0.05). As the Ni content of each fish item exceeds the permitted limit and the Cr content exceeds the limit in only Rui fish items, according to the WHO/FAO recommended maximum permissible limit, this creates concern for public health. In microbiological analysis, there is no significant difference between curry and fried items. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that curry fish was the most effective item in terms of culinary technique for retaining higher nutrients, nutritious compounds, and lower POV and TVBN values compared to other fish items.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Nannur Rahman, Md. Abdul Alim, Monirul Islam, Md. Jahangir Alam, Farhana Akther, Rokeya Begum, Md. Abdus Samad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mental Health of Young Adults as Predicted by Defense Style and Social Discomfort Level
Mental health is an important aspect of the sound development of people. There is a vast amount of study on mental health but very few studies concentrate on mental health regarding defense style and social discomfort level in the context of Bangladesh. Considering this, the present study aimed to investigate whether there is any impact of defense style and social discomfort level on the mental health of young adult students in the context of Bangladesh. A total of two hundred (200) young adult students were selected by convenient sampling for the study. For obtaining data, the Bangla version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Bangla version of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) and the Bangla version of the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) were administered to over 200 university students. A survey research design (Cross-sectional) was used for conducting the present study. After data collection, analysis was done by using correlation and multiple regressions. The results indicate that there is a significant negative correlation (r =–0.17) between mature defense style and mental health, a significant positive correlation (r = .21) between immature defense style and mental health, and finally significant positive correlation (r =0.47) between social discomfort level and mental health at 0.01 level. Regression analysis (R2) indicates that all predictors together account for 29.8% of the total variance in mental health. Among them, social discomfort level uniquely contributes to the highest level (21.10%) which becomes the major predictor of mental health for young adult students. Again, the ANOVA table indicates that the model is overall significant (F199 = 22.33; p < .01). The findings have been discussed in the light of past studies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Akram Uzzaman, Zakiya Sultwana, Md Nazmus Sadekin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Pharmacological Properties of Curcuma zedoaria Rhizome via Ethnopharmacological Approaches
Phytochemicals or plant secondary metabolites secure plant cells in stressful circumstances and offer human well-being and hence are used in traditional medicine. Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe of the family Zingiberaceae has numerous traditional uses, however its pharmacological effectiveness has not yet been fully scrutinized. This study intended to explore the pharmacological properties of the plant using the crude methanolic extract (ME) of its rhizome. In vitro and in vivo assessments were performed to ascertain the hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects. A promising dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect was observed in paracetamol (2 g/kg body weight) induced hepatotoxic rats, pretreated with the ME (150 & 300 mg/kg body weight). There was a significant decline (p<0.001) in the level of the serum biomarkers of hepatic necrosis (Alanine Aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, and Total Bilirubin). Antibacterial potency of the ME was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus employing the disc diffusion method, where a dose of 800 µg demonstrated notable effects (p<0.01) compared to the reference standards, Kanamycin and Norfloxacin. Finally, a mild dose-dependent response was observed compared to the reference standard vincristine sulfate in in vitro brine shrimp lethality bioassay, a test taken as an indicator of cytotoxicity. To conclude, the findings of this study opened an avenue for more extensive research to find new phytochemicals with hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and anticancer potential.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fairuz Fatema Priya, Abu Zobayed, Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Degradation and its Effects on Health in Bangladesh
This study aims to analyze the impact of environmental degradation on health using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method with data from 1976 to 2020. The primary focus is on the influence of CO2 emissions on life expectancy in Bangladesh, evaluating the short-term and long-term relationships among key variables such as CO2 emissions, urban population growth (UPG), money supply (M2), and renewable energy consumption (REC). The study employs unit root tests, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests, to determine the stationarity of the time-series data. Results indicate mixed integration orders, necessitating the use of the ARDL bounds testing approach to confirm cointegration. The findings reveal that CO2 emissions have a significant negative effect on life expectancy, while M2 and REC exhibit varying impacts. The ARDL model confirms a long-term relationship between the variables, with a significant speed of adjustment towards equilibrium. Diagnostic tests validate the model’s robustness, ensuring no issues with heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, or model misspecification. The study underscores the importance of effective governance in mitigating the adverse effects of environmental degradation on health, advocating for stricter environmental regulations and improved public health policies. These findings have significant implications for policymakers aiming to enhance public health outcomes amidst growing environmental challenges..
Copyright (c) 2024 Shewly Akter, Subroto Dey, Md. Ariful Islam, Sanjoy Kumar Saha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of NGO’s Credit on Agricultural Productivity in Bangladesh
Boosting agricultural output is a vital tool for long-term economic development, food security, and nutrition and poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to analyze how NGO’s credit affects agricultural output in Bangladesh. The study used secondary data collected from the reports submitted to the Bangladesh Microcredit Regulatory Authority, and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, covering data from the period of 2005 to 2019. A Multiple Linear Regression method was employed to test the hypothesis. The study results can be used to found that credit extended by NGOs to the agricultural sector has a substantial, beneficial effect on agricultural output and productivity across the country. It is also revealed that increasing NGO credit to Agriculture increases agricultural production by 1.19 metric tons per million taka credit provided by NGOs. The study findings can be significant to policymakers, bankers, other financial institutions, and farmers to maximize the impact rural financing on agricultural development. Our research identified the extent of NGO’s credit’s role on agricultural output which is valuable for agricultural development and designing credit policy to extend the agricultural finance at present in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2024 Md. Shafiqul Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0